Taxon ID:
Usage Facet: class=edible; edible_score=1.0; ornamental_score=0.0; inferred_from_taxon=no
Relationships: 0 | Linked Entities (visible): 0 | Evidence claims: 46 | History events: 0 | Catalog issue offerings: 0
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Evidence Badge: emerging | claims=46 | sources=2 | contradictions=0
Claim Types: description_snippet:22, recommendation_context:9, taxon_context:4, storage_duration:2, anecdote_snippet:1, growth_habit:1, release_year_reference:1, source_reference_abbreviation:1 | Open evidence summary JSON | Open citation drawer JSON
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South Dakota is a cold-climate plum cultivar recorded in University of Minnesota sources as a Prunus plum. Its species background is described as either P. americana or a P. americana hybrid in a 1951 pollination bulletin [S2]. A later University of Minnesota thesis lists South Dakota among winter-hardy Prunus plum entries and gives 1949 as its introduction year, citing Brooks and Olmo, 1997 [S1]. The packet does not give a direct breeder, release institution, or confirmed parentage for the cultivar itself.
South Dakota is best documented as a pollinizer. In the Minnesota stone-fruit pollination bulletin, it was rated a good pollinizer and pollinated 27 tested varieties. It had medium-late bloom in the hybrid and native plum tables [S2]. The same bulletin describes South Dakota and Toka as probably the best general pollinizers in the group. It says South Dakota was good on every variety where it was used, and that nearly all other pollinizers were good on South Dakota [S2]. South Dakota was also recommended as a pollinizer in suggested plum plantings and appears repeatedly with Toka in a recommended orchard row plan [S2].
For cherry-plums, South Dakota is listed as a plum pollinizer rated good on seven tested cherry-plum varieties. It had early bloom and good pollen abundance [S2]. The bulletin adds that in some seasons South Dakota or Surprise may bloom late enough to overlap early-blooming cherry-plums such as Oka, Manor, and Sapa [S2]. This makes South Dakota useful in orchard designs where bloom overlap is brief and weather may limit bee activity during northern flowering [S2].
The available packet does not describe South Dakota fruit size, color, flesh, flavor, ripening season, storage, or culinary use. The strongest source language about its horticultural value says South Dakota and Toka are worth growing in any plum planting. That passage concerns pollination and orchard usefulness, not detailed fruit quality [S2].
University of Minnesota trial data from the 2016 winter-hardy Prunus thesis describes South Dakota mainly through seed and seedling behavior. Its progeny had high germination, vigorous seedling growth, low to moderate herbivore pressure, and some root suckering. The authors flagged it for invasive-potential concern [S1]. In greenhouse seedling establishment work, South Dakota had the lowest listed initial stem diameter among the plum entries in Table 6, at 4.21 mm. Seedlings from South Dakota produced the most root suckers, with five replications and a pooled total of eight [S1].
The thesis also records strong reproductive performance. South Dakota pollen stainability stayed high across storage months, with values from 82% to 97% over the reported 0- to 9-month period [S1]. The thesis interprets all studied cultivars as initially above the 50% pollen-stainability threshold used for potential male fertility. It also notes that stainability alone does not prove pollen germination or fruit set [S1].
The packet does not give direct hardiness-zone language. Its cold-climate relevance is supported by its inclusion in University of Minnesota winter-hardy Prunus evaluations and by the Minnesota bulletin's use of South Dakota in northern plum and cherry-plum pollination recommendations [S1] [S2]. The pollination bulletin also states that pure P. salicina and P. simonii were not tested as pollinizers because they lacked winter hardiness, while South Dakota was included among the working hybrid and native plum pollinizers [S2].
South Dakota also appears as breeding background in the pollination bulletin. Table 7 includes tested varieties derived from crosses involving South Dakota, including South Dakota crossed with two varieties and Minn. No. 89 crossed with South Dakota [S2]. These records show later use in breeding or classification of derived hybrids. They should not be read as South Dakota's own parentage.
Summary source basis
This summary currently draws chiefly from Minnesota #1695, with 2 additional supporting sources linked below.
Featured source descriptions
“Origin: received at the University of Minnesota from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings, South Dakota, in 1907; formerly called South Dakota No. 27; introduced jointly by the two stations in 1949.”
— [3]
“Fruit form oval with flat apex, very small cavity, suture a line, and stem 1/2 inch long, slender.”
— [3]
“Blooms early May and ripens early September.”
— [3]
“Flesh is yellow, tender, meaty, and juicy.”
— [3]
Direct parent cultivars
Parentage claim text
Derived or downstream cultivar links
Source-story quotations
Taxonomy context: No family-tree context surfaced yet.
Related cultivars mentioned in source context
Zone assertions are structured rows. Hardiness claim text appears in evidence claims and page-linked citations.
| Zone Min | Zone Max | Zone Text | Assertion Type | Outcome | Location | Confidence |
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| No explicit zone assertion rows yet. | ||||||
No linked media assets.
| Document | Title/URL | Rights | Claims | Relationships | History Events | Pages | Snippets |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Minnesota #1695 | unknown | 30 | 0 | 0 | p24 p48 p49 p50 p61 p73 p80 p84 | Named among plum cultivars explicitly highlighted as meriting additional investigation of invasive potential.; The cultivar should be prioritized for further invasive-risk work focused on propagule pressure and seed disp |
| 112 | Pollination Studies with Stone Fruits | unknown | 16 | 0 | 0 | p4 p5 p6 p7 p9 | Repeatedly used in the plum orchard plan in rows 2, 5, and 8 together with Toka, indicating a pollinizer role in the recommended arrangement.; Narrative notes that in some seasons South Dakota or Surprise would bloom lat |
| Document | Page | Claim Type | Claim | Quote | Match |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | p125 | anecdote_snippet | Named among plum cultivars explicitly highlighted as meriting additional investigation of invasive potential. | future work should focus on other aspects of invasive risk (e.g. propagule pressure and dispersal mechanism) for the plum cultivars 'Hazel', 'Whittaker', 'Hennepin', and 'South Dakota' as well as all the tart cherry cult | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p125 | recommendation_context | The cultivar should be prioritized for further invasive-risk work focused on propagule pressure and seed dispersal mechanisms in future studies. | future work should focus on other aspects of invasive risk (e.g. propagule pressure and dispersal mechanism) for the plum cultivars 'Hazel', 'Whittaker', 'Hennepin', and 'South Dakota' as well as all the tart cherry cult | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p124 | description_snippet | Highlighted alongside Hazel and Whittaker as notable for invasive-potential indicators. | 'South Dakota' ... demonstrated high germination percentages (>50%) in the field environments of Experiments Iand II and high seedling establishment in Experiment III, indicating a higher invasive risk. | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p124 | recommendation_context | Cited as a high-risk Prunus cultivar because of high germination and seedling establishment in key experiments. | 'South Dakota' ... demonstrated high germination percentages (>50%) in the field environments of Experiments Iand II and high seedling establishment in Experiment III, indicating a higher invasive risk. | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p123 | storage_duration | For 'South Dakota' in Table 2: Initial (0 months) 95% (A-C), 1 month 97% (AB), 2 months 93% (AB), 3 months 95% (A-D), 4 months 97% (AB), 5 months 92% (AB), 6 months 94% (AB), 7 mon | 'South Dakota' 95% A-C 97% AB 93% AB 95% A-D 97% AB 92% AB 94% AB 91% A-C 82% C-F 97% A-E | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p118 | entry_location | Collection week is shown as Week 18. | 'South Dakota' 1949 Week 18 Brooks and Olmo, 1997 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p118 | source_reference_abbreviation | Source citation given as Brooks and Olmo, 1997. | 'South Dakota' 1949 Week 18 Brooks and Olmo, 1997 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p118 | release_year_reference | Introduction year listed as 1949. | 'South Dakota' 1949 Week 18 Brooks and Olmo, 1997 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p109 | description_snippet | No significant variation in pollen stainability for 'South Dakota' was reported in Table 2. | 'South Dakota' did not vary significantly (Table 2). | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p108 | entry_hardiness_observation | South Dakota did not vary significantly in % pollen stainability in the Table 2 comparison. | 'Alderman', 'South Dakota', and 'Underwood' did not vary significantly (Table 2). | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p107 | description_snippet | South Dakota was part of a significant pairwise difference with Toka in Table 2. | ‘Toka’ differed significantly from ‘South Dakota’ (Table 2). | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p89 | taxon_context | Contextually aligned with Prunus spp. plum entries in Table 6, following the same Fruit Type section and header structure. | 'South Dakota' 54.1 ab 4.21 c -0.25 4.87 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p89 | description_snippet | Listed in the Table 6 greenhouse replication for Plum: Height 54.1 cm, stem diameter 4.21 mm, change in stem diameter -0.25 mm, ΔTCA 4.87 mm2. | 'South Dakota' 54.1 ab 4.21 c -0.25 4.87 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p86 | description_snippet | Named in the plum cultivar section of Table 5 continued page. | Table 5: Continued ... 'South Dakota' 70.8 ab 70.8 ab | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p86 | storage_duration | Plum 'South Dakota' showed 70.8% germination at both 25 months and 1 month in field environment trials (Table 5). | Table 5: Continued ... 'South Dakota' 70.8 ab 70.8 ab | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p84 | description_snippet | Mean weeks to germination are 1.6 (non-scarified) and 1.5 (scarified). | 'South Dakota' 66.7 ab 79.2 1.6 1.5 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p84 | description_snippet | South Dakota shows non-scarified germination of 66.7 (group ab) and scarified germination of 79.2. | 'South Dakota' 66.7 ab 79.2 1.6 1.5 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p80 | description_snippet | Row includes paired primary values at 75.0 and 75.0 and subsequent values 54.2, 1.5, 1.2 with significance code ab. | Plum 'South Dakota' 75.0 ab 75.0 ab; 54.2 ab; 1.5; 1.2. | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p80 | taxon_context | Plum cultivar row in the continued Table 3 section. | Plum 'South Dakota' 75.0 ab 75.0 ab; 54.2 ab; 1.5; 1.2. | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p73 | description_snippet | The row is captured as 'South Dakota HRC x x 16 15'. | South Dakota HRC x x 16 15 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p73 | entry_location | Collection/source field on this row is HRC. | South Dakota HRC x x 16 15 | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p61 | recommendation_context | The authors interpret these traits as indicating potential invasiveness. | Progeny from the plum cultivars P. americana ‘Hazel’, P. munsoniana ‘Whittaker’, and the hybrids ‘South Dakota’ and ‘Hennepin’ exhibited high germination, vigorous growth, moderate to low herbivore pressure, and produced | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p61 | description_snippet | Recorded with moderate to low herbivore pressure and some root suckers. | Progeny from the plum cultivars P. americana ‘Hazel’, P. munsoniana ‘Whittaker’, and the hybrids ‘South Dakota’ and ‘Hennepin’ exhibited high germination, vigorous growth, moderate to low herbivore pressure, and produced | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p61 | growth_habit | Hybrid progeny showed vigorous growth. | Progeny from the plum cultivars P. americana ‘Hazel’, P. munsoniana ‘Whittaker’, and the hybrids ‘South Dakota’ and ‘Hennepin’ exhibited high germination, vigorous growth, moderate to low herbivore pressure, and produced | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p61 | entry_hardiness_observation | Hybrid entry showed high germination in progeny on this trial page. | Progeny from the plum cultivars P. americana ‘Hazel’, P. munsoniana ‘Whittaker’, and the hybrids ‘South Dakota’ and ‘Hennepin’ exhibited high germination, vigorous growth, moderate to low herbivore pressure, and produced | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p50 | description_snippet | South Dakota is listed among plum entries in Table 9 with multiple replications. | Replications from Hazel and South Dakota, and single replications from Compass, Gracious, Monitor, and Whittaker (Table 9). | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p49 | description_snippet | South Dakota was also in the greenhouse group with one or more root suckers during the experiment (Table 9). | Of the plums germinated in the greenhouse, replications of seedlings from 'Todd', 'Gracious', 'Monitor', 'South Dakota', and 'Whittaker' produced one or more root suckers during the experiment (Table 9). Five replication | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p49 | description_snippet | South Dakota had high root-sucker incidence in greenhouse replications, with five replications producing the most root suckers and a pooled total of 8. | Of the plums germinated in the greenhouse, replications of seedlings from 'Todd', 'Gracious', 'Monitor', 'South Dakota', and 'Whittaker' produced one or more root suckers during the experiment (Table 9). Five replication | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p48 | description_snippet | South Dakota is the minimum greenhouse initial stem diameter value in Table 6 (4.21 mm). | For plum seedlings started in the greenhouse, average initial diameters ranged from 4.21 mm for seedlings from 'South Dakota' to 6.88 mm for seedlings from 'Mount Royal' with there being significant variation among culti | page_block:0.90 |
| 7 | p24 | description_snippet | Plum cultivar South Dakota progeny are described as having high seed germination, vigorous seedling growth, low-to-moderate herbivore pressure, limited suckering, and indicated inv | Progeny from the plum cultivars 'Hazel', 'Whittaker', 'South Dakota', and 'Hennepin' had high % germination, vigorous seedling growth, low to moderate herbivore pressure, and limited vegetative propagation via suckering, | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p9 | recommendation_context | Repeatedly used in the plum orchard plan in rows 2, 5, and 8 together with Toka, indicating a pollinizer role in the recommended arrangement. | 2 Toka and South Dakota ... 5 Toka and South Dakota ... 8 Toka and South Dakota | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p7 | recommendation_context | Narrative notes that in some seasons South Dakota or Surprise would bloom late enough to overlap the flowering of early-blooming cherry-plums such as Oka, Manor, and Sapa. | South Dakota plum 7 G Early Good P. americana | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p7 | description_snippet | Pollen abundance is good. | South Dakota plum 7 G Early Good P. americana | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p7 | description_snippet | Season of bloom is early. | South Dakota plum 7 G Early Good P. americana | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p7 | description_snippet | Rated good as a pollinizer in tests on 7 cherry-plum varieties. | South Dakota plum 7 G Early Good P. americana | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p7 | taxon_context | Taxon note given as P. americana. | South Dakota plum 7 G Early Good P. americana | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p6 | description_snippet | The text says South Dakota and Toka are worth growing for their horticultural value in any plum planting. | South Dakota is rated good on all varieties on which it was used and nearly all other pollinizers are good on South Dakota. | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p6 | recommendation_context | Recommended pollinizer in the suggested orchard planting table. | South Dakota is rated good on all varieties on which it was used and nearly all other pollinizers are good on South Dakota. | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p6 | recommendation_context | Presented as probably one of the best general pollinizers in the group together with Toka. | South Dakota is rated good on all varieties on which it was used and nearly all other pollinizers are good on South Dakota. | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p6 | recommendation_context | Rated good on all varieties on which it was used in the compatibility discussion on this page. | South Dakota is rated good on all varieties on which it was used and nearly all other pollinizers are good on South Dakota. | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p5 | description_snippet | South Dakota is one of the named parental varieties used to classify hybrid plum pollinizers by origin. | 2 South Dakota x Two varieties ... 2 Minn. No. 89 x South Dakota | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p5 | entry_pedigree | Table 7 includes two tested varieties derived from South Dakota x two varieties and two tested varieties from Minn. No. 89 x South Dakota. | 2 South Dakota x Two varieties ... 2 Minn. No. 89 x South Dakota | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p4 | taxon_context | Species/background listed as P. americana or P. americana hybrid. | South Dakota 27 Medium late P. americana or P. americana hybrid | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p4 | description_snippet | Bloom season: medium late. | South Dakota 27 Medium late P. americana or P. americana hybrid | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p4 | description_snippet | Pollinated 27 varieties tested. | South Dakota 27 Medium late P. americana or P. americana hybrid | page_block:0.90 |
| 112 | p4 | recommendation_context | Rated as a good pollinizer in Table 3. | South Dakota 27 Medium late P. americana or P. americana hybrid | page_block:0.90 |
| Year | Nursery | Catalog Issue | Relation |
|---|---|---|---|
| No catalog issue offerings linked. | |||
| Relation | Type | ID | Label |
|---|---|---|---|
| No linked entities at this filter level. | |||
| Type | Claim | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| anecdote_snippet | Named among plum cultivars explicitly highlighted as meriting additional investigation of invasive potential. | 0.95 |
| recommendation_context | The cultivar should be prioritized for further invasive-risk work focused on propagule pressure and seed dispersal mechanisms in future studies. | 0.87 |
| description_snippet | Highlighted alongside Hazel and Whittaker as notable for invasive-potential indicators. | 0.94 |
| recommendation_context | Cited as a high-risk Prunus cultivar because of high germination and seedling establishment in key experiments. | 0.96 |
| storage_duration | For 'South Dakota' in Table 2: Initial (0 months) 95% (A-C), 1 month 97% (AB), 2 months 93% (AB), 3 months 95% (A-D), 4 months 97% (AB), 5 months 92% (AB), 6 months 94% (AB), 7 months 91% (A-C), 8 months 82% (C-F), 9 mon | 0.96 |
| entry_location | Collection week is shown as Week 18. | 0.95 |
| source_reference_abbreviation | Source citation given as Brooks and Olmo, 1997. | 0.96 |
| release_year_reference | Introduction year listed as 1949. | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | No significant variation in pollen stainability for 'South Dakota' was reported in Table 2. | 0.67 |
| entry_hardiness_observation | South Dakota did not vary significantly in % pollen stainability in the Table 2 comparison. | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota was part of a significant pairwise difference with Toka in Table 2. | 0.88 |
| taxon_context | Contextually aligned with Prunus spp. plum entries in Table 6, following the same Fruit Type section and header structure. | 0.93 |
| description_snippet | Listed in the Table 6 greenhouse replication for Plum: Height 54.1 cm, stem diameter 4.21 mm, change in stem diameter -0.25 mm, ΔTCA 4.87 mm2. | 0.94 |
| description_snippet | Named in the plum cultivar section of Table 5 continued page. | 0.99 |
| storage_duration | Plum 'South Dakota' showed 70.8% germination at both 25 months and 1 month in field environment trials (Table 5). | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | Mean weeks to germination are 1.6 (non-scarified) and 1.5 (scarified). | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota shows non-scarified germination of 66.7 (group ab) and scarified germination of 79.2. | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | Row includes paired primary values at 75.0 and 75.0 and subsequent values 54.2, 1.5, 1.2 with significance code ab. | 0.91 |
| taxon_context | Plum cultivar row in the continued Table 3 section. | 0.99 |
| description_snippet | The row is captured as 'South Dakota HRC x x 16 15'. | 0.95 |
| entry_location | Collection/source field on this row is HRC. | 0.99 |
| recommendation_context | The authors interpret these traits as indicating potential invasiveness. | 0.91 |
| description_snippet | Recorded with moderate to low herbivore pressure and some root suckers. | 0.94 |
| growth_habit | Hybrid progeny showed vigorous growth. | 0.96 |
| entry_hardiness_observation | Hybrid entry showed high germination in progeny on this trial page. | 0.96 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota is listed among plum entries in Table 9 with multiple replications. | 0.91 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota was also in the greenhouse group with one or more root suckers during the experiment (Table 9). | 0.95 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota had high root-sucker incidence in greenhouse replications, with five replications producing the most root suckers and a pooled total of 8. | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota is the minimum greenhouse initial stem diameter value in Table 6 (4.21 mm). | 0.97 |
| description_snippet | Plum cultivar South Dakota progeny are described as having high seed germination, vigorous seedling growth, low-to-moderate herbivore pressure, limited suckering, and indicated invasive potential in this summary. | 0.91 |
| recommendation_context | Repeatedly used in the plum orchard plan in rows 2, 5, and 8 together with Toka, indicating a pollinizer role in the recommended arrangement. | 0.98 |
| recommendation_context | Narrative notes that in some seasons South Dakota or Surprise would bloom late enough to overlap the flowering of early-blooming cherry-plums such as Oka, Manor, and Sapa. | 0.90 |
| description_snippet | Pollen abundance is good. | 0.88 |
| description_snippet | Season of bloom is early. | 0.88 |
| description_snippet | Rated good as a pollinizer in tests on 7 cherry-plum varieties. | 0.89 |
| taxon_context | Taxon note given as P. americana. | 0.90 |
| description_snippet | The text says South Dakota and Toka are worth growing for their horticultural value in any plum planting. | 0.92 |
| recommendation_context | Recommended pollinizer in the suggested orchard planting table. | 0.99 |
| recommendation_context | Presented as probably one of the best general pollinizers in the group together with Toka. | 0.96 |
| recommendation_context | Rated good on all varieties on which it was used in the compatibility discussion on this page. | 0.98 |
| description_snippet | South Dakota is one of the named parental varieties used to classify hybrid plum pollinizers by origin. | 0.77 |
| entry_pedigree | Table 7 includes two tested varieties derived from South Dakota x two varieties and two tested varieties from Minn. No. 89 x South Dakota. | 0.90 |
| taxon_context | Species/background listed as P. americana or P. americana hybrid. | 0.96 |
| description_snippet | Bloom season: medium late. | 0.95 |
| description_snippet | Pollinated 27 varieties tested. | 0.96 |
| recommendation_context | Rated as a good pollinizer in Table 3. | 0.98 |
| ID | Type | Year | Label |
|---|---|---|---|
| No history events. | |||