Fruit Culture

Document 23

Title: Fruit Culture

Source URL: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=agexperimentsta_bulletins

Archive provenance: source_site=Open PRAIRIE | institution=South Dakota State University | source_root=https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/ | local_archive=/usr/local/var/www/pomologica/data/raw/manual/ingest_queue/research_groups_20260309/1049_agexperimentsta_bulletins.pdf

Type: pdf | Language: en | Rights: unknown

Aliases: 1 | Provenance events: 2 | Evidence claims: 19

Archivist page review: Review parse variants for page 27

Open profile JSON | Open citation JSON

Document Metadata

Institution:

Publisher:

Site: Open PRAIRIE

Year:

Page count: 41

Type: pdf_document

Metadata source: intake_backfill_v1

Relationship Records

ID	Relation	Source	Target	Source Doc
167	mentioned_in_document	University Of Minnesota	Fruit Culture	23
166	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	Fruit Culture	23
165	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota Agricultural College	Fruit Culture	23
164	mentioned_in_document	Bulletins South Dakota State University	Fruit Culture	23
163	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota State University	Fruit Culture	23

History Records

ID	Type	Year	Label
303	year_reference	1888	Year reference 1888
302	year_reference	1896	Year reference 1896
301	year_reference	1897	Year reference 1897
304	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota State University
305	institution_mention	1897	Bulletins South Dakota State University
306	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota Agricultural College
307	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station
308	institution_mention	1897	University Of Minnesota

Document Reader

Reviewable cultivar from this document:

This selector is limited to cultivars that already have staging pages. Additional parsed names stay in the linked records table below.

96 additional parsed names from this document do not have staging cultivar pages yet.

Parsed Cultivar Detail

Cultivar: Duchess

Pages in document: p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p10 p27 p28 p29 p30 p32 p33 p34 p36 p37

Entry Snippets

Page	Basis	Snippet
5	cultivar_list_member	Of the first degree of hardiness for planting in Minnesota are Duchess, Hibernal, Charlamoff.
6	named_entry_heading	DUCHESS. This is also called Duchess of Oldenburg.
7	explicit_cultivar_reference	It will be especially desirable in the northern part of the state where Duchess is not fully reliable.
8	explicit_cultivar_reference	The following varieties fruited the past season in the College and Experiment Station orchard at Brookings, planted in 1888. Duchess, Getman No. 225, Borsdorf No. 402, Aport, Ostrakoff's Glass, Patten's Greening, Patten's Duchess seedling No.
9	explicit_cultivar_reference	Duchess bore a large crop, tree hardy.
10	explicit_cultivar_reference	Those from seeds of Duchess or other hardy varieties would generally give hardy seedlings, but are not obtainable in quantity.
27	explicit_cultivar_reference	Having settled on the Wealthy, Duchess and Whitney No. 20
28	explicit_cultivar_reference	Had Iroom for just two apple trees, one would be a Duchess, the other a Chickasaw crab.
29	explicit_cultivar_reference	Istarted only a few of the best known varieties: Duchess, Wealthy, Tetofsky and the Antonovka; of crabs, the Transcendent, Martha and Whitney No. 20.
30	explicit_cultivar_reference	they will no doubt stand better here than the Duchess ... young Wealthies bending under the load of large perfect fruit, better than Duchess
32	explicit_cultivar_reference	Four years ago we got a few Duchess and Wealthy apples. The next year we had all we could use at home of Duchess, Wealthy, Titovka, Antonovka, Large Anis
33	explicit_cultivar_reference	Among the most profitable we would name the Duchess, Wealthy, Haas, Westfield Seek-no-Further, Walbridge, Utter's Red, Perry Russet.
34	explicit_cultivar_reference	In apples the Duchess and Wealthy are about as profitable as any.
36	explicit_cultivar_reference	Duchess does fairly well with good care, they sunscald quite badly and do not seem to stand drouth and hot weather as well as some others.
37	explicit_cultivar_reference	The Duchess is the only large apple Ihave. Five out of sixty planted are alive.

Raw Parsed Claims

Page	Type	Claim	Confidence
5	recommendation_context	Placed in the first degree of hardiness for planting in Minnesota.	0.98
5	entry_hardiness_observation	The page states that no variety less hardy than Duchess is safe to plant generally in the north half of the state.	0.97
6	taxon_context	Discussed within the apple section and in comparison with Russian-origin hardy varieties.	0.78
6	description_snippet	This is also called Duchess of Oldenburg.	0.98
6	description_snippet	The name now recognized by the American Pomological Society is Oldenburg, but the name Duchess is retained by western societies to prevent confusion.	0.92
6	fruit_size	The fruit is large.	0.92
6	fruit_color	The fruit has beautiful coloring.	0.88
6	productivity	The tree is productive.	0.92
6	entry_hardiness_observation	Its hardiness and productiveness made it very popular throughout the Northwest.	0.88
6	storage_duration	Season is August and September, and cold storage houses are beginning to store it for better prices later in the season.	0.9
6	entry_hardiness_observation	In the severer sections of Minnesota, Duchess has not stood as well as Hibernal or Charlamoff.	0.94
6	selection_origin_reference	Duchess is described here as of Russian origin.	0.82
6	recommendation_context	In the southern half of South Dakota, Duchess has been extensively planted and is regarded as the best of the old list.	0.95
6	productivity	It has borne heavily and the trees are standing well in the Station orchard at Brookings, planted in 1888.	0.94
7	entry_hardiness_observation	Duchess is not fully reliable in the northern part of the state.	0.87
7	anecdote_snippet	Longfield is described by Wm. Somerville as hardier than Wealthy and more productive than Duchess.	0.83
8	caption_context	Listed among varieties that fruited in the Brookings orchard in 1896.	0.95
9	productivity	Bore a large crop.	0.97
9	entry_hardiness_observation	Tree hardy.	0.97
10	recommendation_context	Seeds of Duchess are described as likely to give generally hardy seedlings for nursery grafting use.	0.88
10	entry_hardiness_observation	Duchess is treated here as a hardy variety in contrast to tender imported French crab seed sources.	0.83
27	description_snippet	Named by the grower among the core cultivars first planted with confidence.	0.82
28	recommendation_context	Recommended as one of only two apple trees the author would choose if space were limited.	0.99
28	productivity	The Duchess heads the list for early and continuous bearing among the standards.	0.98
28	description_snippet	Fine specimens of Duchess are present in the older orchard.	0.91
29	description_snippet	Duchess was among the first few best-known apple varieties planted in Lake County about twelve years earlier.	0.95
29	description_snippet	Of the first planting, all were yet growing except a couple of Duchess.	0.94
29	entry_hardiness_observation	The first-planting trees were reported as still growing, with the stated exception of a couple of Duchess.	0.87
29	description_snippet	All of the first planting had so far been free from blight, which the writer attributed to clean cultivation.	0.8
30	entry_hardiness_observation	Duchess is used as a benchmark that Hibernal is expected to surpass in standing locally.	0.93
30	description_snippet	Wealthy fruit is described as better than Duchess under the local conditions discussed.	0.94
32	productivity	By the next bearing year, the grower had all he could use at home of Duchess apples.	0.94
32	description_snippet	Duchess is used as a benchmark for season, with Antonovka described as a trifle later than Duchess.	0.76
33	productivity	Named among the most profitable apple cultivars in the Clay County orchard.	0.98
34	productivity	About as profitable as any apple in the section.	0.96
34	anecdote_snippet	In Turner County, large Duchess trees were reported with wagon loads of apples from about a dozen trees.	0.86
36	recommendation_context	Does fairly well with good care.	0.95
36	entry_hardiness_observation	Sunscalds badly.	0.98
36	entry_hardiness_observation	Does not stand drought and hot weather as well as some other cultivars.	0.97
36	anecdote_snippet	Afew Duchess planted in spring 1892 with Whitney and Greenwood were doing very well after a rainy summer gave them a good start.	0.9
36	entry_hardiness_observation	Among young trees during the dry, hot summers, Duchess suffered most and nearly all died.	0.97
37	fruit_size	Described as the only large apple the grower has.	0.95
37	entry_hardiness_observation	Five out of sixty planted were alive after severe freezing injury and slow recovery.	0.95
37	productivity	They have borne some apples every year for the past four or five years.	0.92
37	recommendation_context	Recommended as one of the best and hardiest apples to plant here.	0.95

Inherited Context

p5: apple | Malus domestica | Fruit Culture | APPLES | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | Minnesota State Horticultural Society | South Dakota | Minnesota | Missouri River corridor | Iowa | Yankton
p6: Malus domestica | Russian apples | Apples | South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station | University of Minnesota | American Pomological Society | Russian apple importation | South Dakota | Minnesota | Northwest | Brookings | Minneapolis | Waconia
p7: apple | Malus domestica | Apples | recommended apple varieties and management | South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station | Experiment Station at Brookings | South Dakota | Minnesota | Brookings | upper Midwest
p8: apple | Malus domestica | hardy apple recommendations | varieties for trial | crabs and hybrids | Brookings report, 1896 | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | College and Experiment Station orchard at Brookings |
p9: apple | Malus domestica | hardy apples | Apple | Varieties for Trial | Propagation of the Apple | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | evaluation of hardy apple and crabapple cultivars for northern conditions | So
p10: apple | Malus | apple propagation | nursery grafting and root hardiness | South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | Imperial Agricultural College at Moscow | evaluation of hardy fruit propagation methods at Brookings | raising seedlin
p27: apple | Malus domestica | Malus crab apple group | crab apple | Reports from Fruit Growers | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota | northern Great Plains | north-western prairie land
p28: Malus domestica | Malus crabapple group | hardy apples | crabapples | Orchard experience and management under dry northern conditions | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota | northern Great Plains |
p29: apple | grower correspondence on orchard and small-fruit culture | REPORT FROM LAKE COUNTY. | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota | Lake County, South Dakota | Hurley, South Dakota | Minnesota
p30: apple | hardy apples | orchard management and cultivar adaptation | plum performance under local conditions | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota | Lake Madison | Minnehaha County
p32: apple | Malus | Russian apples | local grower reports | report from Ramsey, South Dakota | South Dakota Agricultural College | Iowa Agricultural College | Russian fruit introductions associated with Prof. Budd | South Dakota | northern Great Plains | Ramsey, South Dakota
p33: apple | Malus | apples and crab apples | County reports | Report from Clay County | Report from Yankton County | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota | Clay County, South Dakota | Yankton County, Sou
p34: apple | Malus | apples and crabs | Report from Clay County | Report from Turner County | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota | west Kingsbury County | Esmond | Yankton, South Dakota | Turner County
p36: Malus | apple | hardy apple and crab apple cultivars | Grower reports and orchard experience | G. A. Tracy, Watertown, South Dakota | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | Russian fruit introduction and evaluation
p37: Malus domestica | hardy apples | crab apples | hardy cultivated plums | Fruit Culture | hardy apples and crab apples | plums | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota | northern plains | cold winter cli

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Linked Cultivars

ID	Cultivar	Evidence / Claims	History / Pages	Link
parsed only	Duchess	45	5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wealthy	40	5, 6, 7, 9, 27, 28, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hibernal	23	5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 30, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Desoto	20	18, 20, 22, 32, 33, 37, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Virginia	20	5, 8, 9, 27, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Forest Garden	19	18, 20, 22, 30, 31, 33, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Transcendent	19	8, 9, 27, 29, 30, 34, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Whitney	17	5, 8, 9, 28, 34, 36, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Whitney No 20	17	8, 27, 29, 35, 37, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wolf	17	18, 20, 22, 30, 31, 34, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wyant	17	18, 20, 22, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Charlamoff	16	5, 6, 9, 36	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Longfield	16	5, 6, 7, 30, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Martha	15	5, 8, 9, 29, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Tetofsky	15	5, 8, 29, 35, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Haas	14	5, 26, 27, 30, 33, 35, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Melinda	14	5, 6, 7, 8, 30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ben Davis	12	5, 26, 27, 33, 34, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Briar Sweet	12	5, 27, 30, 35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Patten'S Greening	12	5, 8, 9, 27, 30, 36	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rockford	12	20, 22, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rollingstone	11	20, 22, 30, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Walbridge	11	26, 27, 28, 33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Antonovka	10	29, 32, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Crescent	9	24, 29, 31, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Strawberry	9	5, 9, 27, 35, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hyslop	9	8, 9, 27, 34, 35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Miner	9	22, 33, 34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Minnesota	9	5, 6, 27, 30, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Red Dutch	9	24, 32, 34, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Concord	8	24, 32, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Richmond	8	23, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Houghton	8	24, 31, 32, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Turner	8	24, 31, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	White	8	24, 31, 34, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Aport	7	8, 9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Arthur	7	9, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	De Soto	7	30, 31, 34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Fameuse	7	5, 26, 27, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	New Ulm	7	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Victoria	7	24, 31, 32, 34, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Burbank	6	22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cheney	6	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Greenwood	6	5, 9, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rawle'S Janet	6	5, 33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Recumbent	6	6, 7, 11	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Stoddard	6	20, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Anisim	5	5, 8, 11	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Dartt'S Greenwood	5	35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Fay'S Prolific	5	38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Harrison'S Peach	5	22, 30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hawkeye	5	20, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Lombard	5	33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Milton Crab	5	35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Myrobolan	5	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Okabena	5	5, 8, 9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Red Astrachan	5	26, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	St Julien	5	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Virginia Crab	5	7, 28, 30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Vladimir Type	5	23	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Baldwin	4	33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Bartlett	4	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Bessarabian	4	31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Capt Jack	4	41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Christmas	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Downing	4	24, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Golden Prune	4	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hutchinson Sweet	4	35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Janesville	4	24, 32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Kaump	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Marianna	4	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Old Gold	4	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Peerless	4	5, 8, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	White Pigeon	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Worden	4	24, 32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Yellow Sweet	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Yellow Transparent	4	33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Black Tartarian	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Blushed Calville	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Brett	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Champion	3	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cherry	3	34, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Comfort	3	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Duchess Of Oldenburg	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	English Morello	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Flemish Beauty	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Gilbert	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Golden Russet	3	33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Idaho Peach	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Iowa Beauty	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Lake Winter	3	9, 35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Lieby	3	6	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Mann	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Milton	3	22, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Moore'S Early	3	24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Orange	3	27, 30, 35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ostheim	3	31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Perry Russet	3	5, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Pewaukee	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Plumb'S Cider	3	5, 26	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Price'S Sweet	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Repka Malenka	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Spitzenburg	3	9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Titovka	3	32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Utter'S Red	3	5, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Washington	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ancient Briton	2	24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Beder Wood	2	24, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Black Naples	2	34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Charles Downing	2	22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Chickasaw	2	27	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cross No 413	2	8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cuthbert	2	24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Dr Dennis	2	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Red	2	31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Red (Russian)	2	30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Elgin Beauty	2	27	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Excelsior	2	9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Gideon'S No 25	2	9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Gideon'S No 28	2	9	No staging cultivar page yet

Document-Linked Records

Relationships: 5

History events: 8

These are the structured records currently tied to this document. They should line up with the document’s main cultivar story.

Rights Records

Status	License	Holder
unknown

Credibility Records

Tier	Score	Assessor	Rationale
tier_3	55	auto	Unclassified domain; requires manual source evaluation

Translation Records

Source Lang	Target Lang	Method	Status	Note
No translation records.

Translation Quality Assessments

Translation ID	Score	Risk	Assessor	Rationale
No translation assessments.

Publication Records

Status	Visibility	Reviewer	Note
No publication records.

Extracted Entities

Type	Value	Confidence
institution_candidate	University of Minnesota	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota Agricultural College	0.60
institution_candidate	Bulletins South Dakota State University	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota State University	0.60
taxon_keyword	prunus	0.65
taxon_keyword	malus	0.65

Extracted Claims

Type	Claim	Confidence
description_snippet	A rather early and regular bearer and productive.	0.54
description_snippet	Melinda, Yellow Sweet, Christmas and Minnesota are tardy bearers.	0.54
description_snippet	2-Liehy (Recumbent), Juicy Burr Rnrl Rornna clm,ely resemble the Hibernal and are equally safe kinds.	0.54
description_snippet	6, Briar Sweet, Tonka, Powers.	0.54
description_snippet	Best for general cultivation: Virginia, Martha, Whit.ney, EArly Strawberry, ·Minnesota, Sweet Rnsset, Gideon's No.	0.54
description_snippet	Promising varieties for trial: Pat.ten's GreeninQ', Okabena, Peerless, Repka Malenka, Anisirn, Yellow Sweet, Kaump, Gilbert, Brett, Christmas, Blushed Calville, Cross · 413, White	0.54
description_snippet	the state, a few old orchards in fa.ir condition are found, containing varieties of the grade of hardiness of Haas, Plumb's Cider, Fameuse, Perry Russet, Utter's Red, Willow Twig,	0.54
culinary_use	cooking, and not to be	0.56
productivity	productive	0.56
storage_duration	storage houses are beginning to store it for	0.56
growth_habit	spreading	0.52
institution_reference	University of Minnesota	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota Agricultural College	0.60
institution_reference	Bulletins South Dakota State University	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota State University	0.60
year_reference	1888	0.55
year_reference	1896	0.55
year_reference	1897	0.55